ABSTRACT
With the developments of medical artificial intelligence (AI), meta-data analysis, intelligence-aided drug design and discovery, surgical robots and image-navigated precision treatments, intelligent medicine (IM) as a new era evolved from ancient medicine and biomedical medicine, has become an emerging topic and important criteria for clinical applications. It is fully characterized by fundamental research-driven, new-generation technique-directed as well as state-of-the-art paradigms for advanced disease diagnosis and therapy leading to an even broader future of modern medicine. As a fundamental subject and also a practice-oriented field, intelligent medicine is highly trans-disciplinary and cross-developed, which has emerged the knowledge of modern medicine, basic sciences and engineering. Basically, intelligent medicine has three domains of intelligent biomaterials, intelligent devices and intelligent techniques. Intelligent biomaterials derive from traditional biomedical materials, and currently are endowed with multiple functionalities for medical uses. For example, micro-/nanorobots, smart responsive biomaterials and digital drugs are representative intelligent biomaterials which have been already commercialized and applied to clinical uses. Intelligent devices, such as surgical robots, rehabilitation robots and medical powered exoskeleton, are an important majority in the family of intelligent medicine. Intelligent biomaterials and intelligent devices are more and more closely integrated with each other especially on the occasions of intelligence acquisition, remote transmission, AI-aided analysis and management. In comparison, intelligent techniques are internalized in the former two domains and are playing a critical role in the development of intelligent medicine. Representative intelligent techniques of telemedicine, image-navigated surgery, virtual/augmented reality and AI-assisted image analysis for early-stage disease assessments have been employed in nowadays clinical operations which to a large extent relieved medical labors. In the past decades, China has been in the leading groups compared to international colleagues in the arena of intelligent medicine, and a series of eminent research has been clinically translated for practical uses in China. For instance, the first 5G-aided remote surgery has been realized in Fujian Province in January 2019, which for the first time validated their applicability for human uses. The surgical robots have found China as the most vigorous market, and more than 10 famous Chinese companies are developing versatile surgical robots for both Chinese people and people all over the world. China also applied AI techniques to new drug developments especially in early 2020 when COVID-19 epidemic roared, and several active molecules and drug motifs have been discovered for early-stage COVID-19 screening and treatments. Based on the significance of intelligent medicine and its rapid developments in both basic research and industrials, this review summarized the comprehensive viewpoints of the Y6 Xiangshan Science Conferences titled with Fundamental Principles and Key Technologies of Intelligent Medicine, and gave an in-depth discussion on main perspectives of future developments of the integration of biomaterial and devices, the integration of bioinformatics and medical hardware, and the synergy of biotechnology and intelligence information. It is expected that this featuring article will further promote intelligent medicine to an even broader community not only for scientists but also for industrials, and in the long run embrace a perspective future for its blooming and rich contributions in China in the coming 5 years. © 2023 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Various health agencies, such as the European Medical Agency (EMA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO), timely cited the upsurge of antibiotic resistance as a severe threat to the public health and global economy. Importantly, there is a rise in nosocomial infections among covid-19 patients and in-hospitalized patients with the delineating disorder. Most of nosocomial infections are related to the bacteria residing in biofilm, which are commonly formed on material surfaces. In biofilms, microcolonies of various bacteria live in syntropy;therefore, their infections require a higher antibiotic dosage or cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics, aggravating the severity of antibiotic resistance. Notably, the lack of intrinsic antibacterial properties in commercial-grade materials desires to develop newer functionalized materials to prevent biofilm formation on their surfaces. To devise newer strategies, materials prepared at the nanoscale demonstrated reasonable antibacterial properties or enhanced the activity of antimicrobial agents (that are encapsulated/chemically functionalized onto the material surface). In this manuscript, we compiled such nanosized materials, specifying their role in targeting specific strains of bacteria. We also enlisted the examples of nanomaterials, nanodevice, nanomachines, nano-camouflaging, and nano-antibiotics for bactericidal activity and their possible clinical implications.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s)